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''Yersinia pestis'' (formerly ''Pasteurella pestis'') is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped coccobacillus, a facultative anaerobic bacterium that can infect humans and animals. It causes the deadly disease called Bubonic plague (or "the plague" colloquially).〔http://hisz.rsoe.hu/alertmap/site/index.php?pageid=event_desc&edis_id=BH-20150621-48754-USA〕〔CDC http://www.cdc.gov/plague/〕 Human ''Y. pestis'' infection takes three main forms: pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic plagues.〔 All three forms were responsible for a number of high-mortality epidemics throughout human history, including: the sixth century's Plague of Justinian; the Black Death, which accounted for the death of at least one-third of the European population between 1347 and 1353; and the 19th century's Third Pandemic.〔 These plagues probably originated in China and were transmitted west via trade routes. ''Y. pestis'' was discovered in 1894 by Alexandre Yersin, a Swiss/French physician and bacteriologist from the Pasteur Institute, during an epidemic of the plague in Hong Kong. Yersin was a member of the Pasteur school of thought. Kitasato Shibasaburō, a German-trained Japanese bacteriologist who practiced Koch's methodology, was also engaged at the time in finding the causative agent of the plague. However, Yersin actually linked plague with ''Y. pestis''. Originally named ''Pasteurella pestis'', the organism was renamed in 1967. Every year, thousands of cases of the plague are still reported to the World Health Organization, although, with proper treatment, the prognosis for victims is now much better. A five- to six-fold increase in cases occurred in Asia during the time of the Vietnam war, possibly due to the disruption of ecosystems and closer proximity between people and animals. Plague also has a detrimental effect on non-human mammals. In the United States, animals such as the black-tailed prairie dog and the endangered black-footed ferret are under threat from the disease. ==General characteristics== ''Y. pestis'' is a non-motile, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic bacterium with bipolar staining (giving it a safety pin appearance) that produces an anti-phagocytic slime layer. Similar to other ''Yersinia'' species, it tests negative for urease, lactose fermentation, and indole. The closest relative is the gastrointestinal pathogen ''Yersinia pseudotuberculosis'', and more distantly ''Yersinia enterocolitica''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yersinia pestis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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